1) Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Rada et al.Neuroscience. 2005;134(3):737-44.
Prevention האיור להלן לקוח מתוך אתר
1) Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Rada et al.Neuroscience. 2005;134(3):737-44.
Prevention האיור להלן לקוח מתוך אתר
Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease Richard J Johnson, Mark S Segal, Yuri Sautin, Takahiko Nakagawa, Daniel I Feig, Duk-Hee Kang, Michael S Gersch, Steven Benner, and Laura G Sa´nchez-Lozada
ABSTRACT Currently, we are experiencing an epidemic of cardiorenal disease characterized by increasing rates of obesity, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and kidney disease. Whereas excessive caloric intake and physical inactivity are likely important factors driving the obesity epidemic, it is important to consider additional mechanisms.
We revisit an old hypothesis that sugar, particularly excessive fructose intake, has a critical role in the epidemic of cardiorenal disease. We also present evidence that the unique ability of fructose to induce an increase in uric acid may be a major mechanism by which fructose can cause cardiorenal disease.
Finally, we suggest that high intakes of fructose in African Americans may explain their greater predisposition to develop cardiorenal disease, and we provide a list of testable predictions to evaluate this hypothesis.
Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:899 –906.
Hyperinsulinemic diseases of civilization: more than just Syndrome X Loren Cordain*, Michael R. Eades, Mary D. Eades Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Received 27 June 2002; received in revised form 23 December 2002; accepted 3 January 2003
Abstract Compensatory hyperinsulinemia stemming from peripheral insulin resistance is a well-recognized metabolic disturbancethat is at the root cause of diseases and maladies of Syndrome X (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, obesity, abnormal glucose tolerance).
Abnormalities of fibrinolysis and hyperuricemia also appear to be members of the cluster of illnesses comprising Syndrome X. Insulin is a well-established growth-promoting hormone, and recent evidence indicates that hyperinsulinemia causes a shift in a number of endocrine pathways that may favor unregulated tissue growth leading to additional illnesses.
Specifically, hyperinsulinemia elevates serum concentrations of free insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and androgens, while simultaneously reducing insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).
Since IGFBP-3 is a ligand for the nuclear retinoid X receptor a, insulin-mediated reductions in IGFBP-3 may also influence transcription of anti-proliferative genes normally activated by the body’s endogenous retinoids.
These endocrine shifts alter cellular proliferation and growth in a variety of tissues, the clinical course of which may promote acne, early menarche, certain epithelial cell carcinomas, increased stature, myopia, cutaneous papillomas (skin tags), acanthosis nigricans, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and male vertex balding.
Consequently, these illnesses and conditions may, in part, have hyperinsulinemia at their root cause and therefore should be classified among the diseases of Syndrome X. 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Acne; Early menarche; Epithelial cell carcinomas; Hyperinsulinemia; Increased stature; Myopia; Cutaneous papillomas (skin tags); Acanthosis nigricans; Polycystic ovary syndrome; Male vertex balding.
Grams of Fructose |
Serving Size |
Fruit |
4.6 |
1 cup |
Boysenberries |
4.8 |
orange1 |
Tangerine/mandarin medium |
5.4 |
1 medium |
Nectarine |
5.9 |
1 medium |
Peach |
6.1 |
1 medium |
Orange (navel) |
6.3 |
1/2 medium |
Papaya |
6.7 |
1/8 of med. melon |
Honeydew |
7.1 |
1 medium |
Banana |
7.4 |
1 cup |
Blueberries |
7.7 |
1 medium |
Date (Medjool) |
9.5 |
1 medium |
Apple (composite) |
10.6 |
1 medium |
Persimmon |
11.3 |
1/16 med melon |
Watermelon |
11.8 |
1 medium |
Pear |
12.3 |
1/4 cup |
Raisins |
12.4 |
1 cup |
Grapes, seedless (green or red) |
16.2 |
1/2 medium |
Mango |
16.4 |
1 cup |
Apricots, dried |
23.0 |
1 cup |
Figs, dried |
0 |
1 medium |
Limes |
0.6 |
1 medium |
Lemons |
0.7 |
1 cup |
Cranberries |
0.9 |
1 medium |
Passion fruit |
1.2 |
1 medium |
Prune |
1.3 |
1 medium |
Apricot |
2.2 |
2 medium |
Guava |
2.6 |
1 medium |
Date (Deglet Noor style) |
2.8 |
1/8 of med. melon |
Cantaloupe |
3.0 |
1 cup |
Raspberries |
3.4 |
1 medium |
Clementine |
3.4 |
1 medium |
Kiwifruit |
3.5 |
1 cup |
Blackberries |
3.6 |
1 medium |
Star fruit |
3.8 |
10 |
Cherries, sweet |
3.8 |
1 cup |
Strawberries |
4.0 |
1 cup |
Cherries, sour |
4.3 |
1/2 medium |
Grapefruit, pink or red |
Effects of the brown rice diet on visceral obesity and endothelial function: the BRAVO study. Shimabukuro M, Higa M, Kinjo R, Yamakawa K, Tanaka H, Kozuka C, Yabiku K, Taira SI, Sata M, Masuzaki H.
Source
Department of Cardio-Diabetes Medicine, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
Abstract
Brown rice (BR) and white rice (WR) produce different glycaemic responses and their consumption may affect the dietary management of obesity. In the present study, the effects of BR and WR on abdominal fat distribution, metabolic parameters and endothelial function were evaluated in subjects with the metabolic syndrome in a randomised cross-over fashion. In study 1, acute postprandial metabolic parameters and flow- and nitroglycerine-mediated dilation (FMD and NMD) of the brachial artery were determined in male volunteers with or without the metabolic syndrome after ingestion of either BR or WR. The increases in glucose and insulin AUC were lower after ingestion of BR than after ingestion of WR (P= 0·041 and P= 0·045, respectively). FMD values were decreased 60 min after ingestion of WR (P= 0·037 v. baseline), but the decrease was protected after ingestion of BR. In study 2, a separate cohort of male volunteers (n 27) with the metabolic syndrome was randomised into two groups with different BR and WR consumption patterns. The values of weight-based parameters were decreased after consumption of BR for 8 weeks, but returned to baseline values after a WR consumption period. Insulin resistance and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were reduced after consumption of BR. In conclusion, consumption of BR may be beneficial, partly owing to the lowering of glycaemic response, and may protect postprandial endothelial function in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Long-term beneficial effects of BR on metabolic parameters and endothelial function were also observed.